Please see the Mayo Clinic web site for further details 1. Show that you know first aid for injuries or illnesses likely to occur in backcountry outings, including hypothermia any condition in which the temperature of a body drops below the level required for normal metabolism and/or bodily function to take place Stage 1 Body temperature drops 1 deg C - 2 deg C below normal Mild to strong shivering occurs Unable to perform complex tasks with the hands; the hands become numb Breathing becomes quick and shallow Goose bumps form, raising body hair on end Stage 2 Body temperature drops by 2 deg C - 4 deg C Shivering becomes more violent Muscle mis-coordination becomes apparent Movements are slow and labored, accompanied by a stumbling pace mild confusion, although the victim may appear alert Victim becomes pale. Lips, ears, fingers and toes may become blue. Stage 3 Body temperature drops below approximately 32 deg C or 90 deg F (normal is 37 deg C or 98.6 deg F) Shivering usually stops difficulty speaking, sluggish thinking, and amnesia start to appear inability to use hands and stumbling are also usually present the exposed skin becomes blue and puffy muscle coordination very poor, walking nearly impossible the victim exhibits incoherent/irrational behavior including terminal burrowing behavior or even a stupor Pulse and respiration rates decrease significantly but fast heart rates can occur Major organs fail First Aid Take the person inside to room temperature and cover him or her with warm blankets If going indoors is not possible, get the person out of the wind and use a blanket to provide insulation from the cold ground Cover the person's head and neck to help retain body heat Once inside, remove any wet or constricting clothes and replace them with dry clothing Warm the person. Apply warm compresses or packs to the neck, chest wall, armpits and groin If the person is alert and can easily swallow, give warm, sweetened, nonalcoholic fluids to aid the warming Assume that you should obtain a doctor if the victim has been exposed for 24 hours or more DO NOT use your own body heat to re-warm the subject, this may very well cause you to become hypothermic DO NOT assume that someone found lying motionless in the cold is already dead DO NOT use direct heat (such as hot water, a heating pad, or a heat lamp) to warm the person DO NOT give the person alcohol DO NOT rub the person's limbs because this may cause further tissue damage WARNING Any rough handling of an extremely hypothermic person could cause their heart to stop Get them out of the cold, but do it gently heat exhaustion The Stage before heatstroke when body fluids are lost through sweating, causing the body to overheat mental confusion muscle cramps often nausea or vomiting heatstroke when the body produces or absorbs more heat than it can dissipate, life-threatening At this stage the victim will likely NOT be sweating Victims may become confused, may become hostile and may seem intoxicated often experience headache blood pressure may drop significantly possible fainting or dizziness heart rate and respiration rate will increase skin will become red As heat stroke progresses a pale or bluish skin color Complaints of feeling hot may be followed by chills and trembling Some victims, especially young children, may suffer convulsions temporary blindness may also be observed body organs begin to fail First Aid The victim should be moved to a cool area (indoors, or at least in the shade) and extra clothing removed to promote heat loss The person can be bathed in cool water or wrapped in a cool wet towel Cold compresses to the upper body, head, neck, and groin will help cool the victim A fan may be used to aid in evaporation of the water administer drinking water The victim should be placed into the recovery position to ensure that their airway remains open DO NOT use ice and a very cold water tub DO NOT use alcohol and caffeine drinks DO NOT use Alcohol rubs frostbite medical condition whereby damage is caused to skin and other tissues due to extreme cold. At or below -15 deg C (5 deg F) discoloration of the skin burning and/or tingling sensations partial or complete numbness, and possibly intense pain gangrene may follow, and amputation may eventually be required If left untreated, frostbitten skin gradually darkens after a few hours Skin destroyed by frostbite is completely black and looks loose and flayed, as if burnt First Aid Move the victim to a warm, safe area Place the affected areas in very warm (NOT hot) water, until the areas are soft and sensation has returned This is going to hurt and you may want a pain killer Wrap the affected areas with dressings and/or cloths DO NOT rub or massage affected areas WARNING if it is unlikely that the affected areas can be kept thawed, treatment should not be carried out thawing followed by a second round of freezing can cause more extensive and severe damage to the frostbitten areas WARNING If hypothermia has occurred, treat the hypothermia first Dehydration a condition in which the body contains an insufficient volume of water for normal functioning headaches a sudden episode of visual snow decreased blood pressure dizziness or fainting thirst and discomfort possibly loss of appetite and dry skin constipation low endurance rapid heart rates elevated body temperatures rapid onset of fatigue decreased urine volume, abnormally dark urine unexplained tiredness dry mouth Untreated dehydration generally results in delirium unconsciousness death First Aid Drinking water and stopping fluid loss Water is preferable to sport drinks To stop fluid loss from vomiting and diarrhea, avoid solid foods and drink only clear liquids DO NOT drink seawater, urine or alcohol Sunburn a burn to living tissue such as skin produced by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, commonly from the sun's rays Redness of skin followed by varying degrees of pain First Aid Remove the victim from the sun and cool the skin Applying products containing aloe, aloe with Lidocane, or vitamin E Leave blisters intact to speed healing and avoid infection Drinking fluids Eating high protein foods will assist tissue repair Acetaminophen or ibuprofen can also reduce pain One method to treatment involves applying a clean washcloth soaked with cool milk like a cold compress DO NOT apply ice or butter or any other type of grease to burns Stings First Aid Move to a safe area Removal of the barbed stinger The stinger should be removed as fast as possible Avoid pinching the stinger but do what it takes and don't delay Once the stinger is removed, reduce pain and swelling with a cold compress Apply calamine lotion or a baking soda paste with a ratio of 3 teaspoons baking soda to 1 teaspoon water The paste goes on the hole - not the rash Ice is better than aspirin If the victim is allergic the victim must be treated to prevent shock People known to be highly allergic should carry appropriate medication and be rushed to a physician An antihistamine containing diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Tylenol Severe Allergy) will help Tick bites First Aid Remove the tick promptly and carefully Use tweezers to grasp the tick near its head or mouth and pull gently to remove the whole tick without crushing it If possible, seal the tick in a jar and keep it for a week or two Your doctor may want to see the tick if you develop symptoms of illness after a tick bite Use soap and water to wash your hands and the area around the tick bite after handling the tick Call your doctor if you aren't able to completely remove the tick or you develop A rash, A fever, Muscle aches, Joint pain and inflammation, Swollen lymph nodes, Flu-like symptoms A severe headache, Difficulty breathing, Paralysis, Chest pain or heart palpitations Snakebite First Aid Move to a safe area Remain calm Immobilize the bitten arm or leg and try to stay as quiet as possible Remove jewelry, because swelling tends to progress rapidly Apply a loose splint to reduce movement of the affected area, but make sure it is loose enough that it won't restrict blood flow Seek medical attention as soon as possible, especially if the bitten area changes color begins to swell or is painful DO NOT try to capture the snake DO NOT use a tourniquet or apply ice. DO NOT cut the wound or attempt to remove the venom. DO NOT administer pain killers Blisters First Aid If the blister isn't too painful Do everything possible to keep it intact Unbroken skin over a blister provides a natural barrier to bacteria and decreases the risk of infection Cover a small blister with an adhesive bandage like moleskin Cover a large one with a porous, plastic-coated gauze pad that absorbs moisture and allows the wound to breathe DO NOT cover a burn or blister with a towel or blanket, because loose fibers might stick to the skin DO NOT puncture a blister unless it's painful or prevents you from walking or using one of your hands If you have diabetes or poor circulation, call your doctor before considering the self-care measures below Wash your hands and the blister with soap and warm water Swab the blister with iodine or rubbing alcohol Sterilize a clean, sharp needle by wiping it with rubbing alcohol Use the needle to puncture the blister Aim for several spots near the blister's edge Let the fluid drain, but leave the overlying skin in place Apply an antibiotic ointment to the blister and cover with a bandage or gauze pad After several days use tweezers and scissors sterilized with rubbing alcohol to cut away all the dead skin Apply more ointment and a bandage Call your doctor if you see signs of infection around a blister, pus, redness, increasing pain or warm skin Altitude sickness a condition that is caused by acute exposure to high altitudes It commonly occurs above 2,400 metres (approximately 8,000 feet) A headache occurring at an altitude above 2,400 meters (8000 feet), combined with any one or more of the following symptoms Lack of appetite, nausea, or vomiting Fatigue or weakness Dizziness or light-headedness Insomnia First Aid often a decent of 2000 feet will cure Altitude sickness (Climb High sleep low) consciously take ten to twelve large, rapid breaths every five minutes If overdone, this can remove too much carbon dioxide and cause tingling in the extremities of the body lots of water, a little chocolate and an asprin can help If it evolves into pulmonary edema, seak medical attention emediatly Cut finger First Aid Apply ice to reduce swelling and cover it with a clean, dry cloth Wrap the severed part in damp gauze (saline would be ideal for wetting the cloth) place it in a watertight bag and place the bag on ice DO NOT try to preserve the loose part by placing it directly on ice Seak medical attention emediatly Knocked-out tooth First Aid Put the tooth in milk Seak medical attention (There's a chance the tooth could be reimplanted) DO NOT scrub the tooth hard even if it's dirty (a gentle rinse is OK) Sprained ankle First Aid Treat a sprain with ice Go to the ER if it is very painful to bear weight, You might have a fracture DO NOT use a heating pad Nosebleed First Aid Sit upright and lean forward and pinch your nose steadily (just below the nasal bone) for five to 10 minutes If the bleeding persists for 15 minutes (or if you think you are swallowing a lot of blood) go to the ER DO NOT lean back. And after the bleeding has stopped, don't blow your nose or bend over Bleeding First Aid Apply steady pressure to the wound with a clean towel or gauze pack and wrap the wound securely Keep the victim warm Seak medical attention if the bleeding doesn't stop, or if the wound is gaping or caused by an animal bite DO NOT use tourniquets unless you are willing to lose the limb Seizures First Aid Lay the victim on the ground if possible in an open space and roll the victim onto his or her side Seak medical attention emediatly DO NOT put anything in the victim's mouth 2. Describe from memory the priorities for survival in a backcountry or wilderness location. A positive mental attitude is essential Shelter Usually the most important survival priority Water Humans can live for about three to ten days without water The length of survival mostly depends upon climate conditions and physical exertion Fire Helps to purify water Cooks food Signals Provides warmth Boosts morale Fire repels bears, insects and snakes Food Humans can survive for weeks without food but hunger impairs judgment and clarity of mind and makes one weak and susceptible to disease. These priorities may shift depending on the environment In a desert environment, water is typically more immediately important than fire with the priorities (perhaps) reversed in a cold-weather survival situation 3. Describe ways to (a) avoid panic and (b) maintain a high level of morale when lost. Make a good shelter and camp tools Build a fire Make signals Make games, playing and laughing Helping others. When helping someone else you have to conquer your own personal fears Eat tea gum or candies 4. Tell what you would do to survive in the following environments: Cold and snowy Wet (forest) Hot and dry (desert) Windy (mountains or plains) Water (ocean or lake) 5. Make up a personal survival kit and be able to explain how each item in it is useful at least the 10 essentials (some suggestions include) 1 Flash light (LED button light) 2 Fire kit (Flint and steel, paper matches, tea candle in tin, magnifying glass) 3 Signaling device (whistle, Mirror, ground-to-air card) 4 Extra food and water (Boyan cubes, Glyserin tablets, Salt, Snare wire, fishing kit, condom, Heavy Tin foil or Metal container) 5 Extra clothing (Needle and thread, Mole skin) 6 Navigational Aid (Mini compass, paper and pencil) 7 First Aid kit (Tylenol, Advil, Benadryl, Aspirin, Coton, Bandidges, Crazy glue, Potassium permanganate) 8 Emergency shelter (Orange garbage bags, space blanket, coil saw, cord) 9 Knife (Double blade Knife, surgical blades) 10 Sun protection (Bite and Burn creams, sun lotion 15 SPF or +) Les Stroud Made this medium size survival kit in Season 3 Episode 3 of Survivorman 1 Flash light (Head lamp) 2 Fire kit (Flint and steel, strike anywhere matches, coton) 3 Signaling device (Orange garbage bag) 4 Extra food and water (Coffee tin and lid, 22 Rifle [10 bullets, coton, flint], fishing kit [line, hooks, sinkers, lours]) 5 Extra clothing (Duct tape) 6 Navigational Aid (Map) 7 First Aid kit (Multi tool) 8 Emergency shelter (Space blanket, Saw, Rope, Axe) 9 Knife (Hunting Knife) 10 Sun protection (There may have been more in his kit than I could see) 6. Show that you can start fires using three methods other than matches. Friction, Percussion, Compression, Sunlight, Electric or Chemical 7. Do the following: Tell five different ways of attracting attention when lost. Show how to use a signal mirror. Include the thumb technique Describe from memory five international ground-to-air signals and tell what they mean. All is well Gone This Way Need Doctor Need Med Supplies Safe to Land Stuck here Need Food-Water * * * * * * * * * ***** * * * * * * * * * * * * * ******* * * * * * * ***** * * * * * * * * * * * *** *** * * * * ********* * * * 8. Show that you can find and improvise a natural shelter minimizing the damage to the environment. Choose a level spot on a south facing slope with radiant rocks Make a good wind, sun, snow and rain block you must stay dry (Water conducts heat away from the body 27 times faster than dry, still air) drip lines can be added to draw cords to prevent rain and snow drip from getting in your shelter Make a soft and warm ground insulation (up to 80% of heat will be lost to the ground) A reflector made of logs, stones or a space rescue blanket will warm the shelter Do not use stones from a stream bed, they may explode when heated 9. Spend a night in your shelter. 10. Explain how to protect yourself against Insects Fire repels bears, insects and snakes Ferns can also be added on a shelter to provide insect repellent Use repellant or clothes and mud will protect your skin from insects The leaves of elderberry bushes or yarrow plant can be used for an insect repellent crush and rub them on your body or place in your clothing Reptiles Fire repels bears, insects and snakes Good boots Caution when walking and climbing Bears Avoidance Fire repels bears and insects and snakes Travel in groups Keep food (deodorant, toothpaste, etc) separate from camp 100 meters+ away and 4 meters+ up Keep camp clean Make noise and travel in groups DO NOT wear scented products If you do encounter a bear Keep your pack on (Bears atack the back of the neck) If the bear is not threatening you, back away slowly, providing an open escape route for the bear Keep dogs away from bears. A dog can excite a bear, which may then follow the dog back to the owner DO NOT climb a tree. Most bears climb trees faster and better than humans DO NOT turn your back to it or run, a fleeing human being stimulates its instinct to chase. The bear IS faster than you! If you are charged or attacked DO NOT panic Stand your ground (avoid direct eye contact) - if you have pepper spray, get it ready Sometimes a bear will make several bluff charges Do not use pepper spray unless you are sure the bear is not bluffing If the bear stops after a bluff charge Slowly wave your arms Talk softly and back away slowly If the bear doesn't stop, use your pepper spray at 40 - 50 feet Create a wall of pepper spray in front of you If it is a grizzly Play dead (LAST RESORT and ONLY if it has contacted you) Lie flat on your stomach with your hands clasped behind your neck (protect the back of your neck) Remain silent If it is a black bear DO NOT play dead Do whatever you can to fight off the bear DO NOT play dead if you know that any bear is eating you Mountain Lion (Cougar) Exaggerate the threat to the animal through intense eye contact Use loud but CALM shouting Use actions that make a person appear larger and more menacing Stay tall and avoid bending over Fighting back with sticks and rocks may also cause a cougar to disengage DO NOT corner it, as with many animals, a cougar may attack if cornered DO NOT turn your back to it or run, a fleeing human being stimulates its instinct to chase DO NOT play dead DO NOT limp or show injury 11. Show three ways to treat water found in the outdoors to prepare it for drinking. Water can be purified with filters, boiling or chemicals rain water is typically safe clean Water can be collected from condensation traps or solar stills Clothing can be used to collect clean dew from vegetation Tie a tee shirt to your leg and walk through dew covered grass in the morning or evening DO NOT drink Animal blood it may be diseased and because of the nutrients it contains, it requires energy to digest DO NOT drink Urine it contains salt and other toxins it can be refined in a solar still DO NOT drink cactus juice While some cacti do have fluid inside, it is a highly acidic solution and would induce vomiting In extremely dry environments, it is necessary to take extra care to prevent water loss Breathing through the nose to prevent water vapor escaping through the mouth Not smoking Resting in the shade and avoiding strenuous labor during sunny, hot periods Not eating too much (the human body uses a lot of water to digest food - especially fats and proteins) Not drinking alcohol, caffeine or chocolate, which hastens dehydration 12. Show that you know the proper clothing to wear in your area on an overnight in extremely hot weather and extremely cold weather. 13. Explain why it usually is not wise to eat edible wild plants or wildlife in a wilderness survival situation. Many survival books promote the "universal edibility test" (lip test) However, many experts (such as Ray Mears) deprecate this method a very small amount of some "potential foods" can cause anything from gastric distress to illness or death LES STROUD QUOTES ============================ My favorite multi-tool is the Leatherman Wave. Other than the multi-tool, an ax is an amazing item to have. Don't forget to keep a sharpening file with it and learn how to sharpen it makes a big difference. A bandana is always useful and, of course, a fool-proof way to start a fire is essential. There is no question that having a multi-tool or fold-up knife with a saw blade is a fantastic advantage. That little saw blade makes fashioning tools and traps a lot easier. I would always keep with me a surefire way to make a fire (so to speak) Books: The Psychology of Wilderness Survival, Gino F. Ferri Wilderness Living and Primitive Skills, John and Geri McPherson Bushcraft, Mors Kochanski Outdoor Survival Skills, Larry Dean Olsen The Art of Survival, Cord Christian, Troebst (out of print) Any of the Peterson Field Guides (wild edibles, etc.) FOR CAMP ============================ Friday Hike in Give shelter demo Allow time for boys to make over night shelters Dinner Scouter's minute Hand out study materials Give potable water challenge Give snare challenge (catch a log) Read survival scripture The Nephites gather to the land of Cumorah for the final battles Mormon hides the sacred records in the hill Cumorah The Lamanites are victorious, and the Nephite nation is destroyed Hundreds of thousands are slain with the sword. [A.D. 385] Morm. 6: 11 11 And when they had gone through and hewn down all my people save it were twenty and four of us, (among whom was my son Moroni) and we having survived the dead of our people, did behold on the morrow, when the Lamanites had returned unto their camps, from the top of the hill Cumorah, the ten thousand of my people who were hewn down, being led in the front by me. Boys sleep in overnight shelters Saturday Breakfast Review the survival requirements First aid role plays Show survival kit samples water condom Potassium permanganate Alternate fire demo Potassium permanganate Wet paper matches demo popcan chocolate demo Pop corn challenge Mirror signal challenge Maggot, ant egg, cricket, prickly pear, dandy lion and meal worm challenge Lunch Cattail soup (fall or winter) Nutritious and productive root vegetable Generally harvested in the fall and winter The pollen is also sometimes used as a flour supplement The young grass flowering stalks, when fried, become tender Patrol Mapping Challenge compare to toppo Make a weapon and Tree Measure challenge Scouter's minute Hand out challenge rewards Hike out